"One Big Beautiful Bill Act" - The Contentious Legislative Push in Congress




"One Big Beautiful Bill Act" - The Contentious Legislative Push in Congress

Congressional Republicans are advancing what President Trump has dubbed the "One Big Beautiful Bill," a comprehensive legislative package making its way through House committees amid significant opposition. Three key House committees - Energy and Commerce, Ways and Means, and Agriculture - are currently crafting and marking up the massive reconciliation bill.

Key Provisions of the Bill

Tax Changes

  • Tax Cut Extensions: Makes the 2017 Trump tax cuts permanent, which would otherwise expire at the end of 2025
  • New Tax Benefits: Eliminates taxes on tips and overtime pay (temporarily through 2028)
  • Standard Deduction: Temporarily increases the standard deduction by $1,000 for single filers and $2,000 for married couples
  • Child Tax Credit: Increases the child tax credit to $2,500 (up from $2,000) through 2028
  • Senior Benefits: Adds a $4,000 increase to the standard deduction for seniors (as an alternative to eliminating taxes on Social Security)
  • Business Tax Cuts: Expands the small business deduction to 23%, which supporters claim will create over 1 million jobs
  • Auto Loan Deduction: Creates a deduction for interest on loans for American-made vehicles

Spending Cuts

  • Medicaid Reductions: Implements approximately $880 billion in Medicaid savings over 10 years through:
    • Work requirements for able-bodied adults without dependents
    • More frequent eligibility checks (twice yearly instead of annually)
    • Cuts to federal funding for states that cover undocumented immigrants
    • Restrictions on certain services, including gender-affirming care for minors
  • Food Assistance Cuts: Requires states to cover a portion of SNAP (food stamps) costs, with approximately $230 billion in cuts
  • Eliminates Climate Programs: Repeals many Inflation Reduction Act green tax subsidies

Other Key Elements

  • Border Security: Includes funding for border infrastructure and technology
  • Energy Policy: Increases oil and gas leasing, repeals clean energy incentives
  • Debt Ceiling: Raises the debt ceiling by several trillion dollars

Budget Impact

  • The tax provisions would reduce federal revenues by approximately $4.0 trillion between 2025-2034
  • The spending cuts aim to offset about $1.5-2 trillion of this cost
  • Republicans suggest tariffs will help cover the remaining cost

Political Outlook

The bill faces substantial challenges:

  1. Internal Republican Divisions: Moderates oppose deep Medicaid cuts while fiscal conservatives want even larger spending reductions. Issues like the SALT deduction cap (affecting primarily blue states) remain contentious.

  2. Senate Opposition: Several Republican senators have already expressed opposition to parts of the package, particularly the Medicaid cuts and phase-out of clean energy tax credits.

  3. Timeline Pressure: Republicans hope to pass the House version before Memorial Day and get the bill to President Trump's desk by July 4.

  4. Democratic Opposition: Democrats are uniformly opposed, focusing on the impact of Medicaid cuts and arguing the tax benefits primarily help the wealthy.

The bill's passage remains uncertain, with many Republicans acknowledging significant changes will be needed to secure enough votes in both chambers.

I'll search for information about the origins and sponsors of the various components in the "One Big Beautiful Bill."

I'll search for information about any non-fiscal clauses that might be hidden in the "One Big Beautiful Bill."

Non-Fiscal Provisions in the "One Big Beautiful Bill"

The "One Big Beautiful Bill" contains several provisions that push the boundaries of what's typically allowed in budget reconciliation legislation. Here's what my research reveals about potential non-fiscal or borderline elements in the bill:

The Byrd Rule Challenge

Budget reconciliation bills in the Senate must comply with the "Byrd Rule," which prohibits provisions that don't primarily impact federal spending, revenues, or the debt limit. Any provision deemed "extraneous" can be challenged by senators and removed unless 60 senators vote to keep it.

A provision can be ruled extraneous if:

  • It doesn't change outlays or revenues
  • Its budgetary impact is "merely incidental" to non-budgetary policy goals
  • It's outside the committee's jurisdiction that submitted it
  • It increases deficits beyond the budget window (usually 10 years)

Questionable Provisions in the Current Bill

  1. Immigration-Related Provisions:

    • Requirements for Social Security numbers to claim tax credits and deductions
    • Ending undocumented immigrant eligibility for Obamacare premium tax credits and Medicare
    • New fees on remittance payments from undocumented immigrants to outside the U.S.
    • Funding for detention facilities and deportation operations

    While these have budget impacts, Democrats could argue that their primary purpose is immigration policy, not fiscal policy. Previous attempts to include immigration reforms in reconciliation have been rejected by the Senate parliamentarian as having "merely incidental" budget effects.

  2. Defense "Golden Dome" Initiative:

    • Approximately $150 billion for the Defense Department
    • $20 billion specifically for missile defense and space capabilities, partially for Trump's "Golden Dome" continental missile defense system
    • $34 billion for munitions and defense supply chains
    • $33.6 billion for shipbuilding

    These defense provisions could face challenges if they're seen as primarily establishing new defense policy rather than just allocating funds.

  3. Work Requirements:

    • Imposing work requirements on Medicaid recipients ages 19-64 who are "capable" of working and have no dependents
    • Requirements to work at least 80 hours per month or perform community service
    • Similar requirements for SNAP recipients

    While these have budget implications, similar provisions have faced Byrd Rule challenges in the past when their policy impact was considered more significant than their budgetary impact.

  4. Student Loan Changes:

    • Repeal of Biden administration student loan forgiveness programs
    • Modifications to loan repayment terms worth approximately $295 billion in savings

    These provisions might be challenged as primarily changing education policy rather than budget policy.

Strategic Approach by Republicans

Republicans appear to be framing potentially non-fiscal provisions in terms of their budget impacts to improve their chances of surviving Byrd Rule challenges. For example:

  1. Instead of directly eliminating programs, they're using eligibility requirements and funding mechanisms
  2. Immigration provisions are tied to tax benefits and fees rather than standalone policy
  3. Work requirements are presented as cost-saving measures rather than welfare reforms

The ultimate determination of which provisions can remain will be made by the Senate parliamentarian, who serves as the referee for Byrd Rule challenges. This could lead to significant portions of the House bill being stripped out when it reaches the Senate.

 

SIDEBAR: The Architects of the "One Big Beautiful Bill"

Presidential Vision

The concept of the "One Big Beautiful Bill" originated with President Donald Trump himself. In early January 2025, shortly before his inauguration, Trump decided to combine his major policy priorities into a single massive piece of legislation rather than pursuing them as separate bills. The name "One Big Beautiful Bill" is Trump's own description, which Republican lawmakers officially adopted as the title for the reconciliation package.

Key Committee Chairmen

Three House committee chairmen have emerged as the primary architects of the bill's various components:

  1. Rep. Jason Smith (R-MO) - Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee

    • Spearheading the tax portions of the bill
    • Has been working on extending the 2017 Trump tax cuts since early 2023
    • Authored a January 2025 op-ed laying out the plan for a combined bill
    • Designed the tax exemptions for tips and overtime pay
  2. Rep. Brett Guthrie (R-KY) - Chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee

    • Leading the healthcare provisions, including the contentious Medicaid reforms
    • Wrote a Wall Street Journal op-ed defending the "common sense budget"
    • Oversees the committee tasked with finding $880 billion in spending cuts
    • Designed the work requirements and eligibility verification changes
  3. Rep. Glenn "GT" Thompson (R-PA) - Chairman of the House Agriculture Committee

    • Responsible for SNAP (food stamps) reforms and the Farm Bill provisions
    • Working to incorporate the overdue five-year Farm Bill into the package
    • Facing challenges in finding $230 billion in cuts as required by the budget resolution

Legislative Strategy

The decision to pursue this massive bill through budget reconciliation was strategic. Speaker Mike Johnson and Senate Republican leaders chose this path because:

  1. Reconciliation allows the Senate to pass fiscal legislation with a simple majority instead of the usual 60-vote threshold
  2. This bypasses the need for Democrat support, though it limits what can be included to provisions directly affecting the federal budget
  3. The strategy requires staying within strict parameters set by the "Byrd Rule" in the Senate

Prior Legislation Incorporated

The bill draws heavily from previous Republican legislation:

  • The core tax provisions extend the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which would otherwise expire at the end of 2025
  • Border security components build on Trump's first-term wall funding proposals
  • Energy provisions aim to reverse Biden administration climate policies, particularly the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022
  • The innovative "MAGA accounts" for children take inspiration from Democratic Sen. Cory Booker's "baby bonds" proposal, repurposed with a conservative approach

Timeline Pressure

The unified bill approach has created significant timeline pressure, with Speaker Johnson initially suggesting the bill could be completed by April or May 2025. The current goal is to pass the House version before Memorial Day and have the bill on Trump's desk by July 4, 2025 - an ambitious timeline that many political analysts consider difficult to achieve given the bill's complexity and the narrow Republican majorities in both chambers.

 

Fiscal Impact of the "One Big Beautiful Bill" Key Provisions

Based on my research, here are the projected fiscal impacts of the main provisions in the bill:

Overall Fiscal Impact

The Tax Foundation's analysis estimates that the tax provisions in the bill would reduce federal tax revenue by approximately $4.0 trillion from 2025 through 2034 on a conventional basis before added interest costs. With economic growth effects factored in (dynamic scoring), the revenue loss would be about $3.3 trillion over the 10-year budget window.

The Congressional Budget Office and the Joint Committee on Taxation have estimated the total cost of the tax cuts at $3.72 trillion over the decade.

Spending Cuts to Offset Tax Cuts

The House-passed budget resolution requires $1.5-1.7 trillion in spending cuts to partially offset the cost of the tax cuts. If these spending cut targets aren't met, the tax cuts would be reduced dollar-for-dollar according to the reconciliation rules.

The major spending cuts include:

  1. Medicaid Reductions: Estimated to save approximately $715 billion over 10 years, with an additional $197 billion from other healthcare changes

  2. SNAP (Food Stamps) Cuts: Targeted to save approximately $230 billion over 10 years by shifting costs to states

  3. Green Energy Program Eliminations: Repealing various Inflation Reduction Act subsidies and tax credits, though specific fiscal impact estimates vary

Specific Tax Provision Costs

  1. Child Tax Credit Expansion:

    • Increasing the credit from $2,000 to $2,500 through 2028 is projected to provide an additional $22.9 billion in benefits to families in 2026 alone
    • The requirement for parents to have Social Security numbers (restricting it to citizens) would make approximately 2 million fewer children eligible, somewhat reducing the overall cost
  2. MAGA Accounts:

    • The one-time $1,000 contribution to newborns from 2025-2028 would impact 4 years of births (approximately 3.6-4 million births per year in the US)
    • The tax-preferred treatment of up to $5,000 in annual contributions would create additional future revenue losses
    • Specific long-term cost estimates for this program haven't been published
  3. Tax Exemptions for Tips and Overtime:

    • These would be temporary (2025-2028) but affect millions of workers
    • The tip exemption would apply to approximately 4 million tipped workers
    • The overtime exemption would apply to an estimated 80 million hourly workers
    • Together, these represent significant revenue losses, though precise figures aren't provided in the available analyses

Economic Impact Claims

The Ways and Means Committee claims the package would have these positive economic effects:

  • Increase real annual take-home pay for a median-income household with two children by $4,000-$5,000
  • Raise annual real wages by $2,100-$3,300 per worker
  • Create 1 million new jobs through the small business deduction
  • Generate $750 billion in economic growth from small business tax provisions
  • Add $284 billion in new economic growth from American manufacturers

Independent analysts are more cautious, with the Tax Foundation projecting that the bill would increase long-run GDP by only 0.6% and have minimal effects on wages (actually predicting a 0.1% decrease).

Debt Impact

The bill would also raise the debt ceiling by $4 trillion, allowing the federal government to continue borrowing to finance both existing obligations and the new tax cuts. This would add to the nation's current $36.2 trillion debt over the next decade.

Without the spending cuts fully offsetting the tax reductions, the bill would significantly increase federal deficits and the national debt over the next decade.

I'll search for more information about how the "One Big Beautiful Bill" might affect families with young children.

Impact on Families with Young Children

Based on my research, here's how the bill would affect families with young children:

Child Tax Credit Changes

The bill would increase the Child Tax Credit from $2,000 to $2,500 per child from 2025 through 2028. After 2028, the amount would revert to $2,000 but would be inflation-adjusted in subsequent years.

However, there's a significant eligibility change: both parents and children would need to have Social Security numbers to qualify for the credit. Currently, parents can claim the credit using Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers (ITINs), which some non-citizens use to file taxes. According to the Joint Committee on Taxation, this change would make approximately 2 million fewer children eligible for the benefit next year.

"MAGA" Savings Accounts for Children

The legislation would create a new "Money Account for Growth and Advancement" (MAGA) program. Under this proposal:

  • The federal government would provide a one-time $1,000 credit to accounts of children born from 2025 through 2028 who are U.S. citizens at birth
  • Families could contribute up to $5,000 annually to these tax-preferred accounts
  • Funds could not be withdrawn before the beneficiary turns 18

Food Assistance Cuts

The bill includes significant changes to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly known as food stamps), which serves many families with children:

  1. The House Agriculture Committee was tasked with finding $230 billion in cuts over the next decade
  2. The proposal would shift more SNAP costs to states, requiring 28 states with higher rates of improper payments to cover 25% of benefit costs (currently states only pay for administrative costs, not benefits)
  3. Stricter work requirements would be implemented for program participants
  4. The bill would prohibit future automatic benefit increases tied to food price adjustments

Critics argue these changes could lead to substantial reductions in food assistance for vulnerable families if states can't cover their new share of costs.

Education Provisions

  • The bill would expand 529 education savings accounts to allow use for K-12 educational materials and trade credentialing programs
  • It includes up to $5 billion per year for four years in tax credits for donations to organizations that help families pay for private school tuition or homeschooling expenses
  • Families earning up to three times their area median income would qualify for these educational vouchers

Other Family Impacts

  • The bill would make the paid leave tax credit permanent
  • It expands access to Health Savings Accounts
  • The doubled standard deduction from the 2017 tax law would be preserved and temporarily increased for all filers, which benefits families filing jointly

Potential Concerns

Critics of the bill argue that while it provides some tax benefits to families, the SNAP and Medicaid cuts could disproportionately harm lower-income households with children. Healthcare advocates are particularly concerned about Medicaid cuts, as approximately half of all children in some states rely on the program for healthcare coverage.

The bill's passage remains uncertain as Republicans navigate internal divisions over spending cuts while maintaining enough support to pass the legislation with their narrow majorities in both chambers.

I'll search for more specific information about how the "One Big Beautiful Bill" may impact seniors.

Impact on Seniors

Based on my research, here's how the "One Big Beautiful Bill" would affect seniors:

Senior Tax Benefits

The bill includes a temporary $4,000 increase to the standard deduction for seniors aged 65 and older from 2025 through 2028. This enhanced deduction would be available to both those who take the standard deduction and those who itemize. However, there are income limitations - the benefit begins to phase out at a rate of 4% for individuals with income above $75,000 (or $150,000 for couples filing jointly).

This provision appears to be an alternative to President Trump's campaign promise to eliminate taxes on Social Security benefits, which wasn't included in the bill due to reconciliation rules limitations.

Social Security

The bill doesn't directly change the structure of Social Security benefits, which were already set to increase by 2.5% in 2025 due to the annual cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) that was announced previously. The average retirement benefit was scheduled to increase to $1,976 per month, up from $1,927.

However, some seniors have expressed concerns that the 2.5% COLA increase won't keep pace with their actual expenses, particularly housing costs that have risen at higher rates.

Medicare Changes

The bill interacts with several Medicare-related changes:

  1. The bill proposes removing eligibility for Medicare from undocumented immigrants by requiring a Social Security number to qualify for benefits.

  2. The original proposal included a Trump administration policy called "most favored nation" status for prescription drugs, which would have limited Medicare drug prices to what other countries pay. However, this appears to have been removed from the bill due to pharmaceutical industry opposition, and Trump instead announced this as an executive order.

  3. The bill doesn't appear to affect the $2,000 annual out-of-pocket cap on Medicare Part D prescription drug costs that was already set to take effect in 2025 under the Inflation Reduction Act.

Potential Indirect Effects

Medicare is largely protected from direct cuts in the bill. However, the substantial Medicaid cuts could affect dual-eligible seniors (those who qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid), particularly for long-term care services that Medicare doesn't cover but Medicaid often does. About 70% of long-term care costs are currently covered by Medicaid in many states.

Political Outlook

The senior provisions in the bill face an uncertain future. Some Republican senators have expressed concerns about the overall bill structure, and Democrats unanimously oppose it, focusing on how it prioritizes tax cuts that they claim disproportionately benefit the wealthy while cutting programs that serve vulnerable populations.

Sources Used for "One Big Beautiful Bill" Analysis

Below is a list of the sources consulted in my research, with formal citations and URLs:

  1. CBS News. (2025, May 14). "House GOP pushes Trump's 'big, beautiful bill' forward after all-nighter." CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/house-gop-pushes-trumps-big-beautiful-bill-forward-after-all-nighter/

  2. American Thinker. (2025, May 13). "Trump's 'One, Big, Beautiful Bill' will get its day in Congress." American Thinker. https://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2025/05/trump_s_one_big_beautiful_bill_will_get_its_day_in_congress.html

  3. Ways and Means Committee. (2025, February 25). "House Passes Budget Resolution to Advance One, Big Beautiful Bill That Will Deliver Tax Relief to Working Families." House Ways and Means Committee. https://waysandmeans.house.gov/2025/02/25/house-passes-budget-resolution-to-advance-one-big-beautiful-bill-that-will-deliver-tax-relief-to-working-families/

  4. The American Prospect. (2025, May 12). "The Big Beautiful Bill Is Hanging by a Thread." The American Prospect. https://prospect.org/politics/2025-05-12-big-beautiful-bill-hanging-by-a-thread/

  5. Buchanan, V. (2025, May). "Buchanan Statement on Ways and Means 'One Big, Beautiful Bill'." House of Representatives. https://buchanan.house.gov/2025/5/buchanan-statement-on-ways-and-means-one-big-beautiful-bill

  6. Ways and Means Committee. (2025, May 12). "The One, Big, Beautiful Bill Delivers on President Trump's Priorities to Restore and Expand Trump-Era Growth and Relief for Families, Workers, and Small Businesses." House Ways and Means Committee. https://waysandmeans.house.gov/2025/05/12/the-one-big-beautiful-bill-delivers-on-president-trumps-priorities-to-restore-and-expand-trump-era-growth-and-relief-for-families-workers-and-small-businesses/

  7. Tax Foundation. (2025, May 14). "'Big Beautiful Bill' House GOP Tax Plan: Preliminary Details and Analysis." Tax Foundation. https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/federal/big-beautiful-bill-house-gop-tax-plan/

  8. NPR. (2025, May 14). "The latest roadblock for House Republicans' 'big beautiful bill': Senate Republicans." NPR. https://www.npr.org/2025/05/14/nx-s1-5398566/trump-budget-taxes-medicaid-senate

  9. National Review. (2025, May 12). "Congress and the 'Big, Beautiful Bill': Too Big to Fail or Too Big to Pass?" National Review. https://www.nationalreview.com/2025/05/passing-the-big-beautiful-bill/

  10. Taylor, K.R. (2025, May 12). "Trump's 'One Big, Beautiful Bill' With Trillions in Tax Cuts." Kiplinger. https://www.kiplinger.com/taxes/trump-pushes-for-one-bill-with-focus-on-tax-cuts

  11. Boston Herald. (2025, May 12). "Trump's 'big beautiful bill' will harm Bay State families, Treasurer warns." Boston Herald. https://www.bostonherald.com/2025/05/12/trumps-big-beautiful-bill-will-harm-bay-state-families-treasurer-warns/

  12. Tax Foundation. (2025, May 13). "Trump Tax Cuts 2025: Budget Reconciliation." Tax Foundation. https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/federal/trump-tax-cuts-2025-budget-reconciliation/

  13. Axios. (2025, May 12). "'Big, beautiful' tax bill contains popular break for tips." Axios. https://www.axios.com/2025/05/12/taxes-tips-big-beautiful-bill

  14. PBS NewsHour. (2025, April 8). "WATCH: 'We've got to get' big bill of tax breaks and spending cuts done, Johnson says." PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-weve-got-to-get-big-bill-of-tax-breaks-and-spending-cuts-done-johnson-says

  15. CNN Politics. (2025, May 2). "Here's what's in the House GOP's sweeping tax and spending cuts package." CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/02/politics/what-is-in-trump-tax-spending-cuts-package

  16. US News & World Report. (2025, May 12). "4 Things Delaying Trump's 'Big, Beautiful Bill'." US News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2025-05-12/four-policy-areas-holding-up-trumps-big-beautiful-bill

  17. NPR. (2025, May 14). "Medicaid cuts will hurt families and cost GOP politically, says Kentucky governor." NPR. https://www.npr.org/2025/05/14/nx-s1-5396697/medicaid-cuts-trump-republicans-andy-beshear

  18. MSNBC. (2025, May 14). "The Republicans' Trump agenda bill takes shape, with massive Medicaid cuts on the line." MSNBC. https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/maddowblog/republicans-trump-agenda-bill-takes-shape-massive-medicaid-cuts-line-rcna206804

  19. ABC News. (2025, May 13). "Here are the times Trump has said he wouldn't cut Medicaid." ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-medicaid-republican-bill-cut-benefits/story?id=121756481

  20. CBS News. (2025, May 13). "Trump's 'big, beautiful bill' faces a major test as House committees iron out details." CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/energy-commerce-ways-means-agriculture-committee-markups-reconciliation-trump/

  21. Semafor. (2025, May 13). "How the Senate will change the 'big, beautiful bill'." Semafor. https://www.semafor.com/article/05/13/2025/how-the-senate-will-change-the-big-beautiful-bill

  22. NPR. (2025, May 9). "GOP fight over Medicaid cuts complicates path for Trump's 'big, beautiful bill'." NPR. https://www.npr.org/2025/05/09/nx-s1-5392357/republicans-medicaid-trump-reconciliation-bill

  23. Slate. (2025, April). "Medicaid cuts: Republicans' plan for Trump's 'big, beautiful bill' is becoming clearer." Slate. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2025/04/medicaid-cuts-republicans-trump-budget-bill.html

  24. ABC News. (2025, May 13). "House Republicans plow ahead on hundreds of billions in Medicaid cuts despite infighting." ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-gop-plows-ahead-efforts-cut-880-billion/story?id=121716373

  25. CNBC. (2025, January 4). "Here are big changes retirees can expect from Social Security and Medicare in 2025." CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/01/04/social-security-and-medicare-in-2025-here-are-the-changes-to-expect-.html

  26. Social Security Administration. (2025). "Medicare and You Handbook 2025." Medicare.gov. https://www.medicare.gov/publications/10050-medicare-and-you.pdf

  27. Center for American Progress. (2024, December 17). "Project 2025's Medicare Changes Would Restrict Older Americans' Access to Care and Imperil the Program's Financial Health." Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/project-2025s-medicare-changes-would-restrict-older-americans-access-to-care-and-imperil-the-programs-financial-health/

  28. Social Security Administration. (2025, April). "Social Security Announces 2.5 Percent Benefit Increase for 2025." SSA Blog. https://blog.ssa.gov/social-security-announces-2-5-percent-benefit-increase-for-2025/

  29. Social Security Administration. (2025). "Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) Information for 2025." SSA.gov. https://www.ssa.gov/cola/

  30. Newsweek. (2025, May 13). "Social Security Users To Get $4,000 Boost in Payments: Who Is Eligible?" Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/social-security-4000-tax-break-republican-bill-2071464

  31. NBC News. (2025, January 4). "Here are big changes retirees can expect from Social Security and Medicare in 2025." NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/social-security-medicare-changes-2025-rcna186245

  32. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2025, February 24). "Millions of Low-Income Households Would Lose Food Aid Under Proposed House Republican SNAP Cuts." CBPP. https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/millions-of-low-income-households-would-lose-food-aid-under-proposed-house

  33. Center for American Progress. (2025, March 5). "How the Trump Administration Could Leave Families Hungry: Potential Cuts to SNAP in 2025 and Beyond." Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/how-the-trump-administration-could-leave-families-hungry-potential-cuts-to-snap-in-2025-and-beyond/

  34. The Washington Post. (2025, May 13). "What's in Trump and Republicans' tax and immigration reconciliation bill." The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/05/13/republican-trump-tax-immigration-plan/

  35. Black America Web. (2025, May 14). "Trump's 'Big, Beautiful Bill' Will Destroy Medicare, Food Stamps." Black America Web. https://blackamericaweb.com/2025/05/14/trumps-big-beautiful-bill-will-destroy-medicare-food-stamps/

  36. Food Research & Action Center. (2024, September 9). "Project 2025 Outlines Devastating Changes to USDA and the Federal Nutrition Programs." FRAC. https://frac.org/blog/project-2025

  37. USDA Food and Nutrition Service. (2025). "SNAP Eligibility." USDA. https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/recipient/eligibility

  38. Fortune. (2025, May 13). "What's included in the Republican 'ONE BIG, BEAUTIFUL' tax bill: Deep Medicaid cuts, estate tax breaks, and 'MAGA' accounts." Fortune. https://fortune.com/2025/05/13/republican-big-beautiful-tax-bill-medicaid-maga-accounts/

  39. Reuters. (2025, May 13). "US Republicans face internal disagreements over Trump tax cut package." Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/us-republicans-kick-off-debate-trump-tax-cut-package-including-within-own-party-2025-05-13/

  40. CNN Politics. (2025, May 12). "House Republicans unveil details of Trump tax plans." CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/12/politics/house-gop-tax-plan-trump

  41. Ways and Means Committee. (2025, May). "The One, Big, Beautiful Bill Section-by-Section." House Ways and Means Committee. https://waysandmeans.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/The-One-Big-Beautiful-Bill-Section-by-Section.pdf

  42. NPR. (2025, May 13). "Republicans face a crucial stretch this week as they aim to deliver on Trump's agenda." NPR. https://www.npr.org/2025/05/13/nx-s1-5395988/republicans-reconciliation-medicaid-trump-tax-cuts

  43. Kiplinger. (2025, May 13). "Here's How the Child Tax Credit Could Increase Under Trump." Kiplinger. https://www.kiplinger.com/taxes/heres-how-the-child-tax-credit-could-change-under-trump

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